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+<head>
+<meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" />
+<title>Simple Output: cat and echo</title>
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+<link rel="HOME" title="Slackware Linux Essentials" href="index.html" />
+<link rel="UP" title="Handling Files and Directories" href="file-commands.html" />
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+alink="#0000FF">
+<div class="NAVHEADER">
+<table summary="Header navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
+cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<th colspan="3" align="center">Slackware Linux Essentials</th>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td width="10%" align="left" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
+accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
+<td width="80%" align="center" valign="bottom">Chapter 10 Handling Files and
+Directories</td>
+<td width="10%" align="right" valign="bottom"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
+accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
+</div>
+
+<div class="SECT1">
+<h1 class="SECT1"><a id="FILE-COMMANDS-OUTPUT" name="FILE-COMMANDS-OUTPUT">10.3 Simple
+Output: <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> and <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></h1>
+
+<div class="SECT2">
+<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3559" name="AEN3559">10.3.1 <tt
+class="COMMAND">cat</tt></a></h2>
+
+<p><tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>(1) is short for &#8220;concatenate&#8221;. It was
+originally designed to merge text files into one, but can be used for many other
+purposes.</p>
+
+<p>To merge two or more files into one, you simply list the files after the <tt
+class="COMMAND">cat</tt> command and then redirect the new output to a file. <tt
+class="COMMAND">cat</tt> works with standard input and standard output, so you have to
+use the shell redirection characters. For example:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd
+class="USERINPUT">cat file1 file2 file3 &gt; bigfile</kbd>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>This command takes the contents of <tt class="FILENAME">file1</tt>, <tt
+class="FILENAME">file2</tt>, and <tt class="FILENAME">file3</tt> and merges it all
+together. The new output is sent to standard out.</p>
+
+<p>One can also use <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> to display files. Many people <tt
+class="COMMAND">cat</tt> text files through the <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt> or <tt
+class="COMMAND">less</tt> commands, like this:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat file1 | more</kbd>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>That will display the <tt class="FILENAME">file1</tt> file and pipe it through the <tt
+class="COMMAND">more</tt> command so that you only get one screen at a time.</p>
+
+<p>Another common use for <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> is copying files. You can copy any
+file around with <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt>, like this:</p>
+
+<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
+<tr>
+<td>
+<pre class="SCREEN">
+<samp class="PROMPT">%</samp> <kbd class="USERINPUT">cat /bin/bash &gt; ~/mybash</kbd>
+</pre>
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+
+<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">/bin/bash</tt> program is copied to your home directory and
+named <tt class="FILENAME">mybash</tt>.</p>
+
+<p><tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> has many uses and the ones discussed here are just a few.
+Since <tt class="COMMAND">cat</tt> makes extensive use of standard input and standard
+output, it is ideal for use in shell scripts or part of other complex commands.</p>
+</div>
+
+<div class="SECT2">
+<h2 class="SECT2"><a id="AEN3603" name="AEN3603">10.3.2 <tt
+class="COMMAND">echo</tt></a></h2>
+
+<p>The <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt>(1) command displays the specified text on the
+screen. You specify the string to display after the <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt>
+command. By default <tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt> will display the string and print a
+newline character after it. You can pass the <var class="OPTION">-n</var> option to
+suppress the printing of the newline. The <var class="OPTION">-e</var> option will cause
+<tt class="COMMAND">echo</tt> to search for escape characters in the string and execute
+them.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+<div class="NAVFOOTER">
+<hr align="LEFT" width="100%" />
+<table summary="Footer navigation table" width="100%" border="0" cellpadding="0"
+cellspacing="0">
+<tr>
+<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-pagers.html"
+accesskey="P">Prev</a></td>
+<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="index.html"
+accesskey="H">Home</a></td>
+<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top"><a href="file-commands-creation.html"
+accesskey="N">Next</a></td>
+</tr>
+
+<tr>
+<td width="33%" align="left" valign="top">Pagers: <tt class="COMMAND">more</tt>, <tt
+class="COMMAND">less</tt>, and <tt class="COMMAND">most</tt></td>
+<td width="34%" align="center" valign="top"><a href="file-commands.html"
+accesskey="U">Up</a></td>
+<td width="33%" align="right" valign="top">Creation: <tt class="COMMAND">touch</tt> and
+<tt class="COMMAND">mkdir</tt></td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+</div>
+</body>
+</html>
+